Genetic and Metabolic Controls for Sulfate Metabolism in \u3cem\u3eNeurospora crassa\u3c/em\u3e: Isolation and Study of Chromate-Resistant and Sulfate Transport-Negative Mutants

Mutants of Neurospora resistant to chromate were selected and all were found to map at a single genetic locus designated as cys-13. The chromate-resistant mutants grow at a wild-type rate on minimal media but are partially deficient in the transport of inorganic sulfate, especially during the conidial stage. An unlinked mutant, cys-14, is sensitive to chromate but transports sulfate during the mycelial stage at only 25% of the wild-type rate; cys-14 also grows at a fully wild-type rate on minimal media. The double-mutant strain, cys-13;cys-14, cannot utilize inorganic sulfate for growth and completely lacks the capacity to transport this anion. The only biochemical lesion that has been detected for the double-mutant strain is its loss in capacity for sulfate transport. Neurospora appears to possess two distinct sulfate permease species encoded by separate genetic loci. The transport system (permease I) encoded by cys-13 predominates in the conidial stage and is replaced by sulfate permease II, encoded by the cys-14 locus, during outgrowth into the mycelial phase. The relationship of these new mutants to cys-3, a regulatory gene that appears to control their expression, is discussed

European Union Law and International Arbitration at a Crossroads

It is no exaggeration to describe the relationship between the European Union and international arbitration as the most dramatic confrontation between two international legal regimes seen in a great many years. International law scholars commonly lament the fragmentation of international law, i.e., the co-existence of multiple international legal regimes whose competences overlap and whose policies may differ, resulting in a degree of regulatory disorder. However, seldom do these regimes actually collide. By contrast, the two international regimes in which we are interested this evening international arbitration and the European Union may be described, without hyperbole, as on a collision course. Arguably, the collision has already occurred. The emergence of hostilities on this scale in recent years came about as something of a surprise to me. At Columbia and elsewhere, I have taught EU law and international arbitration law concurrently in different courses, of course for more decades than I care to count. Over that period, I have written and spoken about the EU and international arbitration as separate and distinct enterprises. Rarely did teaching, writing or speaking of one necessitate, or even prompt, discussion of the other